Plutarch, Life of Pericles
Plutarch, Life of Pericles. Based on Plutarch's Lives with an English Translation. Bernadotte Perrin, ed. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press (1916). Original SGML digital edition by The Perseus Project, G. Crane, ed. This derived edition, C. Blackwell, Furman University. 2026. Source texts and code for this page (and others) on GitHub. Licensed CC-BY-NC. urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg012:
Plutarch (Greek: Πλούταρχος; c. AD 46 – c. AD 120) was a Greek Mddle Platonist philosopher, biographer, essayist, and lifelong priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. Born in Chaeronea, Boeotia, he studied in Athens and traveled to Rome, where he lectured on philosophy and formed connections with prominent Romans. His most renowned work, the Parallel Lives, comprises 23 paired biographies of illustrious Greeks and Romans—such as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar—designed to illuminate moral virtues and vices through comparative historical narrative rather than exhaustive chronology. Complementing this, the Moralia encompasses over 70 essays addressing ethics, politics, religion, science, and antiquity, reflecting his commitment to practical philosophy and civic improvement. Plutarch's writings profoundly shaped Renaissance humanism and later authors, including Shakespeare, by emphasizing character over events in historical understanding.
The Parallel Lives (Greek: Βίοι Παράλληλοι; Latin: Vitae Parallelae), form a series of comparative biographies pairing eminent Greeks with Romans to illuminate moral character through historical exemplars. Of the original 50 planned biographies, 48 survive: 22 pairs (44 lives) and four unpaired ones, including those of Artaxerxes, Aratus, Galba, and Otho. The lost pair involved the Theban general Epaminondas and the Roman Scipio Africanus.
In the LIfe of Pericles, Plutarch compares Pericles, the Athenian Statesman who saw Athens through the build-up to and first years of the war with Sparta, to the Roman Quintus Fabius Maximus, who was a Roman Republic consul in 213 BC during the Second Punic War, best known as the son of the celebrated general and statesman Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (the Cunctator), whose cautious tactics had preserved Rome from Hannibal's invasions.